2018科學技術統計要覽
  類別：其他專案出版品
出版品名稱：2018科學技術統計要覽
研究人員：台經院研究
出版年月：201812
頁數：288
關鍵字：研究發展,研發,執行部門,研發類型,研發密集度,全時約當數,生物技術,Research and Development, R&D, Sectors of Performance, Type of R&D, R&D Intensity, Full-Time Equivalent, FTE, Biotechnology.
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內容摘要
1. 研發經費占GDP之比率
2017年我國研發經費占GDP的比率為3.30%較上年增加0.13個百分點，與2013年比較增加0.28個百分點。觀察近5年研發經費占GDP比率的變化，除2014年占比較上年減少外，其餘各年均呈現增加之狀況。如僅就民間部門研發經費占GDP比率來看，民間部門一向為我國研發主力，2017年研發經費成長率為8.2%，成長率為近5年新高，GDP比率亦持續攀升，由2013年的2.31%提升至2017年的2.64%。

2.執行部門
由於企業執行之研發經費歷年均占全國研發經費7成以上，因此全國研發經費成長與企業研發經費呈現高度相關，觀察歷年研發經費成長趨勢，全國與企業大致相同。在各執行部門方面，2017年企業部門成長8.1%，為近年新高，研發經費的成長主要來自科學園區廠商的貢獻，至於政府部門研發經費2017年成長率為-2.0%，主要因資本支出減少所致。高等教育部門除來自企業與政府經費持續增加外，2017年來自其他高等教育部門的研發經費也較過去成長，因此成長率亦為近年新高為1.3%，至於私人非營利部門成長率為-12.8%，但該部門歷年研發經費規模僅在14~17億元，規模不大，受計畫增減的影響，歷年均呈現較不穩定的變動，但其對全體研發經費成長影響相當有限。

3. 經費來源
觀察各部門經費來源，除企業部門外，其他三個部門經費來源中，政府經費來源為支撐該部門研發之重要關鍵。在政府部門中研發經費來源高達95%以上來自政府，這一部分研發經費直接受到政府研發預算增減的影響；在高等教育部門方面，近年在政府積極推動產學合作下，來自企業研發經費占高等教育研發經費之比率逐年上升至2017年達10.0%，企業來源經費雖逐年增加，但政府對高等教育部門研發經費的挹注仍是影響高等教育研發經費增減的重要因素，占比維持在8成以上；至於私人非營利部門政府來源經費歷年約在5成左右，除政府經費外，該部門自籌研發經費投注也是維持成長的關鍵。如僅就政府部門與民間部門（包含企業部門、高等教育部門、私人非營利部門及國外部門）研發經費進行比較，在2017年政府來源之研發經費較上年減少1.7%，且在政府部門與民間部門投入研發經費占比方面，2017年來自民間部門研發經費占比達80.0%，較2013年增加3.6個百分點，因此相對的政府部門來源的占比由2013年占23.6%下降至2017年為20.0%，受惠於企業研發能量持續增強，民間部門投注研發經費占比持續上升中。。

4.研發經費之支出項目
研發人事費包含一年的工資與薪資以及各種相關費用或周邊福利，例如紅利、休假給付、退休基金的提撥、其它社會保險支出、薪資所得稅等。我國研發人事費由2013年的242,574百萬元持續增加至2017年的313,476百萬元，研發人事費占總研發經費之比率自2009年起已超過5成，近5年介於52.8%~54.8%之間，2017年因企業增聘研發人力、調整人事費或獎金紅利發放，使人事費成長率達6.0%較上年提升，但成長幅度仍略低於過去五年平均成長率6.6%。

其他經常費用主要包含材料費、維護費、水電費、差旅費、租金及其他為支援研發所購買的非資本支出（如使用一年以下的電腦軟體使用費及研發智財費）等費用，該項目研發經費2017年為205,892百萬元，2017年成長率為3.4%，低於近5年平均成長率為4.0%，觀察近5年其他經常費用雖仍持續增加，但占研發經費之比率，自2013年38.4%下降至2017年35.7%。

在資本支出方面，近5年資本支出研發經費占比則在8.8%~9.9%跳動，由於資本支出的變動通常較經常門大，除因儀器設備或土地建築均採計當年實際支出，不採折舊攤提的方式，每年會有較大的波動外，研發單位因應景氣狀況或政策方向調整資本支出，亦是變動因素之一。

1. R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP
In 2017, the ROC's R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP was 3.30%, an increase of 0.13% from the previous year, and an increase of 0.28% compared with 2013. R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP over the past five years has increased annually, except for a decrease in 2014. In the private sector, which has always been the main force for Taiwan's R&D, expenditure as a percentage of the ROC's GDP has consistently increased. In 2017, R&D expenditure was 8.2%, almost a five-year high. The R&D percentage of GDP rose from 2.31% in 2013 to 2.64% in 2017.

2. Sector of performance
As BE sector R&D expenditure accounts for over 70% of gross domestic expenditure (GERD), the growth of GERD and BE R&D had similar annual increases. The increase in GERD spending is roughly the same as that of BE R&D. In BE, the corporate sector grew by 8.1% in 2017, a new high. The increase in BE R&D expenditure was mainly due to the contribution of manufacturers in Science Parks. The growth of GOV sector R&D expenditure in 2017, was -2.0%, mainly due to a decrease in capital expenditure. In HE sector, in addition to an increase in corporate and government funding, the sector increased its R&D expenditure from other HE sectors more in 2017 than in the past. As a result, the growth rate was a new high of 1.3% over recent years, and the PNP sector growth rate was -12.8%. However, the scale of R&D expenditure in this sector was only NT$1.4 to NT$1.7 billion over the years, which is negligible. Planning fluctuation in the sector has been reflected the figures, however, these have a limited impact on the growth of overall R&D funding.

3. Source of funds
With regard to the source of R&D expenditure in each sector, among the three sectors, GOV, HE and PNP, government resources were key in supporting R&D. The exception was the BE sector. In the GOV sector, more than 95% of R&D funding actually comes from the government itself. This part of R&D expenditure is directly affected by the increase or decrease of the government R&D budget. In the HE sector, R&D expenditure sourced from the BE sector rose by virtue of the collaboration between industry and academia actively promoted by government over this period. It rose to 10% in 2017. Although this source increased year by year, the government's attention to research and development funds in the HE sector is still an important factor affecting the increase and decrease of R&D expenditure in HE sector, still accounting for 80% of the total. In the PNP sector, expenditure sourced from the GOV sector was around 50%. In addition to government funding, the sector's self-funded research and development sources were key to maintaining growth. A comparison of government and the private sectors (including the BE sector, the HE sector, the PNP sector, and overseas sectors) R&D expenditure shows that in 2017, government-sourced R&D expenditure decreased by 1.7% compared with the previous year. Private sector investment in research and development, showed an increase to 80.0% in 2017, an increase of 3.6% over 2013. The ratio of government sources in 2013 of 23.6% fell to 20.0% in 2017. The historic data reveals an upward trend in private sector contribution to overall R&D expenditure.

4. R&D Expenditure by type of R&D
R&D personnel costs include annual payment and salary, various related expenses, and benefits, such as dividends, vacation payments, retirement fund transfers, social insurance expenses, and payroll taxes. These all continued to increase from NT$242.6 billion in 2013 to NT$313.5 billion in 2017. The ratio of labor costs to overall R&D expenditure has exceeded 50% since 2009, and has remained in the range of 52.8%-54.8% over the past 5 years. In 2017, due to an increase in the number of R&D personnel and the adjustment of personnel salaries or bonuses in the BE sector, the growth rate of labor costs was 6.0% which increased from the previous year, but the growth rate was still slightly lower than the average growth rate of 6.6% over the past five years.

Other current costs include materials, maintenance, utilities, travel, rent, tax and other non-capital expenses purchased to support R&D (e.g. costs for computer software and other intellectual property products that were used for R&D for one year or less). These cost NT$205.9 billion in 2017, and the growth rate in 2017 was 3.4%, which is lower than the average growth rate of 4.0% over the past five years. Other current costs continued to increase, but the ratio to GERD dropped from 38.4% in 2013 to 35.7% in 2017.

Capital expenditure as a proportion of GERD over the past five years has jumped from 8.8% to 9.9%. Since expenditure on land/buildings and instruments/equipment is calculated on the basis of actual current-year spending, and not on the basis of depreciation and amortization, their amounts tend to fluctuate significantly from year to year. Fluctuations also occur when R&D units adjust their capital expenditure in response to changes in economic conditions or strategic planning.
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