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電力交易平台之再生能源交易成本效益分析
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類別：研究分析報告
出版品名稱：電力交易平台之再生能源交易成本效益分析
研究人員：林泓翰,詹穎儒,莊景勝,鄭伊秀,賴穎璁
出版年月：202607
頁數：443
關鍵字：再生能源, 電力市場, 電能市場, 成本效益分析, 市場機制設計, 電力交易平台, Renewable Energy, Electricity Market, Energy Market, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Market Mechanism Design, Electricity Trading Platform
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內容摘要
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隨著全球從能源轉型邁向淨零轉型的進程加速，電力市場制度及再生能源交易機制的設計與精進，已成為各國推動能源政策及維持電網穩定的關鍵課題。台灣自《電業法》於2017年修正後，開放再生能源得以透過直供或轉供方式銷售，並允許用戶自由選擇購電來源，初步建立綠電交易的市場化基礎。然而，現行交易模式仍以雙邊契約為主，雖具一定彈性，卻在價格發現、供需調節及市場透明度方面仍有不足。隨著《一定契約容量以上之電力用戶應設置再生能源發電設備管理辦法》（俗稱用電大戶條款）、再生能源倡議（Renewable Energy 100，RE100）承諾、環境、社會及公司治理（Environmental, Social and Governance，ESG）要求，以及國際供應鏈減碳義務的與日俱增，再生能源需求亦隨之持續攀升，但目前的綠電市場尚未能充分反映再生能源的價值，也限制了資源的有效流動及整合。在此背景下，本研究以評估台灣引入集中式再生能源交易機制的可行性與成本效益為目標，藉由國際經驗分析、法規研析及制度設計規劃，提出具體市場架構與推動策略，期能補足現行制度下之侷限，並促進綠電市場邁向制度化及透明化。
首先，本研究之文獻與案例分析顯示，集中式市場已被多國驗證能有效提升市場效率及電網韌性。英國透過新電力交易協議建立日前市場與不平衡結算制度，並由系統營運者運用平衡機制維持實時供需穩定，藉此提升市場效率及電網運作可靠度；日本由電力交易所與電力廣域運營推進機構共同運作電力市場，結合節點定價及跨區撮合以強化調度效率；美國德州電力市場則採安全限制經濟調度與高頻率價格更新機制，實現實時市場平衡。三者的電力市場規劃及營運經驗均反映出，當市場能兼顧即時性與透明性時，可有效因應再生能源之出力變動。其次，在制度面上，本研究透過法遵檢視及學者專家諮詢，確認集中式市場設計所須兼顧之公平競爭與法規相容性，並建議明確界定再生能源發電業、再生能源售電業、特定電力供應業及用戶等角色權責，建立市場參與資格、資訊揭露、供需結清及再生能源憑證勾稽等制度要件，以確保市場運作之透明與公正。第三，針對台灣綠電交易現況及未來市場化方向，本研究提出以日前、日內與盤後平衡為核心的集中式再生能源交易市場構想。該市場規劃借鏡國際上成熟的市場經驗，並考量台灣「綠電先行」的法制特性，據以建構符合國內條件的多層次市場機制。於交易設計上，日前及日內市場採單一價格定價方式，以最大化社會福利並提供清晰的價格訊號；盤後平衡部分則規劃以總履約供需平衡與超約供需撮合二階段進行，使市場參與者可於電能交付後針對超額或不足供需量進行再調整，強化履約穩定性並提升整體運作效率。第四，本研究進一步研擬《再生能源（電能）集中交易管理規範及作業程序草案》，包含市場參與資格、註冊登記程序、交易申報與審查機制、履約平衡、購電量分配、資訊揭露及相關作業時程等內容，以作為未來制度推動與實際運作之基礎。最後，本研究提出集中式再生能源市場之短、中、長期推動方向，針對市場初期試行、制度擴充及後續與整體電能市場銜接等階段，研析其可能涉及之法規調整、平台組織、人力配置、資通訊系統及市場監理等議題，以作為未來市場制度發展與實務推動之參考。
As the global energy transition toward net-zero emissions accelerates, the design and optimization of electricity market mechanisms and renewable electricity trading systems have become increasingly important for promoting low-carbon energy development. Since the amendment of Taiwan’s Electricity Act in 2017, renewable energy-based electricity-generating enterprises have been permitted to sell electricity through direct supply and wheeling arrangements, thereby enabling consumers to procure renewable electricity from diversified sources and establishing the institutional foundation for a market-oriented renewable electricity market. However, the current trading framework remains predominantly dependent on bilateral contracts, which, despite providing contractual flexibility, exhibit limitations in terms of price discovery, supply–demand balancing, and market transparency. Driven by the implementation of the Regulations for the Management of Setting up Renewable Energy Power Generation Equipment of Power Users above a Certain Contract Capacity (commonly referred to as the Major Electricity Consumer Scheme), the growing adoption of the Renewable Energy 100 (RE100) initiative, increasing Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) requirements, and decarbonization obligations across global supply chains, demand for renewable electricity in Taiwan has continued to increase. Nevertheless, the existing market structure has yet to fully reflect the value of renewable electricity, thereby limiting the efficient allocation and integration of renewable electricity resources. Against this backdrop, this study evaluates the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of introducing a centralized renewable electricity trading mechanism in Taiwan. Through international case analyses, legal compliance analyses, and market mechanism design, this study proposes an institutional framework and implementation pathways for the development of a centralized renewable electricity market in Taiwan.
First, the literature review and international case analyses conducted in this study indicate that centralized electricity markets have been widely recognized as effective mechanisms for improving market efficiency, price transparency, and system operation. To identify institutional practices applicable to Taiwan, this study systematically examines the market structures, trading mechanisms, and operational experiences of several mature electricity markets. In the United Kingdom, the New Electricity Trading Arrangements (NETA) established a day-ahead market and an imbalance settlement mechanism, under which the system operator utilizes balancing mechanisms to maintain real-time supply–demand equilibrium, thereby improving market efficiency and operational reliability. In Japan, the electricity market is jointly operated by the Japan Electric Power Exchange (JEPX) and the Organization for Cross-regional Coordination of Transmission Operators (OCCTO), integrating cross-regional market coordination and transaction matching mechanisms to strengthen dispatch efficiency. In the United States, the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) adopts a security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED) framework and high-frequency price update mechanisms to achieve real-time market balancing. Collectively, the electricity market design and operational experiences of these three countries demonstrate that transparent and timely market mechanisms can effectively accommodate the intermittency and variability of renewable energy generation while providing efficient price signals and facilitating market-based resource allocation.
Second, from an institutional and regulatory perspective, this study conducted legal compliance analyses and expert consultations to identify the key considerations required for ensuring fair competition and legal compatibility in the design of centralized renewable electricity markets. The analysis focuses not only on regulatory compliance but also on the institutional arrangements necessary to support stable and transparent market operation. The study recommends clearly defining the roles and responsibilities of renewable energy-based electricity-generating enterprises, renewable energy retailers, specified electricity suppliers, and end-users, while establishing institutional requirements concerning market participation eligibility, information disclosure, supply–demand settlement, and the coordination between renewable electricity transactions and renewable energy certificate systems, so as to ensure transparency, accountability, and procedural fairness in market operations.
Third, in response to Taiwan’s current renewable electricity trading framework and its future development toward a more market-oriented trading mechanism, this study proposes a centralized renewable electricity market architecture consisting of day-ahead, intraday, and post-delivery balancing markets. Drawing upon mature international market practices while incorporating the institutional characteristics of Taiwan’s renewable electricity policy framework, the study develops a multi-layered market structure tailored to domestic market conditions. The proposed framework is intended to improve market transparency, enhance price discovery, and strengthen the flexibility of renewable electricity transactions. With respect to market design, the day-ahead and intraday markets adopt a uniform pricing mechanism intended to maximize social welfare and provide transparent price signals. The post-delivery balancing market is structured as a two-stage process consisting of aggregate compliance balancing and surplus–deficit matching, thereby allowing market participants to readjust excess or insufficient electricity volumes after delivery. This design is intended to enhance contract fulfillment stability and improve overall market operational efficiency.
Fourth, this study further develops the Draft Management Regulations and Operational Procedures for Centralized Renewable Electricity Trading, including provisions related to market participation qualifications, registration procedures, transaction submission and review mechanisms, compliance balancing arrangements, electricity allocation methods, information disclosure requirements, and associated operational timelines. By establishing a comprehensive operational framework, the proposed regulations are expected to facilitate the practical implementation of a centralized renewable electricity market in Taiwan. These institutional arrangements are intended to provide a foundational framework for future policy implementation and practical market operation. Finally, this study proposes short-, medium-, and long-term development pathways for centralized renewable electricity markets. In particular, the study examines key issues associated with the initial pilot implementation stage, subsequent institutional expansion, and eventual integration with the broader electricity market, including potential regulatory adjustments, platform organizational structures, human resource allocation, information and communication technology (ICT) system requirements, and market governance mechanisms. The proposed roadmap provides a systematic approach for progressively advancing Taiwan’s renewable electricity market while maintaining regulatory consistency and market stability. These findings are intended to serve as references for the future institutional development and practical implementation of Taiwan’s electricity market reform.
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目錄
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第一章 緒論 1
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第一節 研究源起 1
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第二節 國內外相關研究 4
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第三節 研究目標、預期成效及研究流程 11
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第二章 文獻回顧及國外先進電網案例 24
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第一節 集中式電能交易之成本效益 25
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第二節 國外先進電網之集中式電力市場 39
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第三節 國外先進電網之綜合比較 127
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第四節 本章小結 129
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第三章 集中式再生能源交易之法遵研析 131
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第一節 我國電力市場架構、法規及制度 131
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第二節 再生能源交易現況及精進方向 147
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第三節 集中式再生能源之影響及因應 151
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第四節 本章小結 159
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第四章 電力交易平台集中式再生能源交易機制 161
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第一節 集中式與分散式電能交易之優劣 162
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第二節 集中式再生能源交易規劃 168
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第三節 集中式再生能源交易機制之影響 209
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第四節 學者專家諮詢會議 221
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第五節 電力交易平台國際市場制度與交易機制資訊分享會 228
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第六節 本章小結 232
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第五章 電力交易平台集中式再生能源交易之實務規劃 235
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第一節 管理規範及作業程序之總說明內涵 235
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第二節 管理規範條文對照架構及內涵 242
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第三節 作業程序之訂定及內涵 256
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第四節 後續推動涉及議題及所需書件建議 261
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第五節 本章小結 297
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第六章 集中式再生能源交易機制之發展規劃 299
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第一節 目標設定 301
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第二節 SWOT分析 303
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第三節 再生能源交易短、中、長期發展規劃 317
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第四節 本章小結 326
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第七章 研究發現及後續研究規劃 328
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第一節 研究發現 328
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第二節 未來研究建議 333
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參考文獻 336
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附錄一 中英文專有名詞對照 附1-1
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附錄二 再生能源（電能）集中交易管理規範及作業程序草案總說明與對照表 附2-1
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附錄三 學者專家諮詢會會議紀錄 附3-1
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附錄四 學者專家諮詢會會議紀錄回覆說明 附4-1
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附錄五 學者專家諮詢會會議簡報 附5-1
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附錄六 電力交易平台國際市場制度與交易機制資訊分享會簡報 附6-1
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圖目錄
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表目錄
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備註
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